What is an income statement?

The income statement shows investors whether a company is profitable by providing key metrics such as revenue, expenses, and income.

You can think of the income statement as you would your household budget.

If you were to look at your monthly budget, you would start by showing how much money you make from your job or other sources. Then, you’d subtract the expenses that you accrue during the month. The result? Your savings rate.

With a company, the income statement follows a similar model.

5 Income Statement Yellow Flags

1. Revenue growth declining.

‍Revenue is the engine that powers everything else in the company. The direction in which a company’s top line is moving is extremely important to every other number downstream of revenue on the income statement.

When growth suddenly slows, it’s important to understand why the company is selling fewer products or booking its services less.

Rule of thumb: Revenue growth will slow as a business matures, but the decline will typically be gradual. When it’s sudden, it usually indicates something is wrong.

2. Gross margin declining.
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‍Gross margin might be the most important metric of a company’s financial performance. It is essentially the money that the company keeps after subtracting out the direct costs associated with producing its goods and/or providing its services.

When gross margin declines, it means a business is keeping less of its sales either because production costs have increased or it is charging less to its customers. Small changes in gross margin can quickly add up to big changes in earnings, so watch this number carefully!

Rule of thumb: When gross margin declines, it’s a sign that the company does not have pricing power with customers or bargaining power with suppliers.

3. Sales and marketing are rising faster than revenue.

Importantly, this refers to sales and marketing as a percentage of revenue, not on an absolute basis.

As a company grows, it should be able to spend less on sales and marketing. If a company must spend more and more to keep attracting customers, that’s not a good sign.

Rule of thumb: Marketing costs should scale with the company as it grows.

4. Goodwill write-downs.

‍This happens when management recognizes it overpaid for an acquisition, essentially saying it destroyed shareholder value. The size of the write-down relative to the acquiring company matters a great deal.

In 2015, Microsoft took an impairment charge of $7.6 billion for its Nokia acquisition. That was nearly the full amount it paid to acquire Nokia’s smartphone business!

While that’s a huge sum, when compared to Microsoft’s approximate $350 billion market cap at the time, it was a relatively minor blunder. For smaller companies, the write-down could be much less in absolute dollar terms but matter much more.

Rule of thumb: Goodwill write-downs are a black eye on a company’s financials and an admission that management destroyed shareholder capital.

5. Excessive share dilution.

‍Stock-based compensation can be a great way for companies to align employee incentives with their goals without burning cash. This is especially important for young companies that are still growing fast but not yet profitable.

However, the practice can be easily abused. Share dilution hurts shareholders as their stakes represent a lower percentage of company ownership.

So, how can you tell when stock-based compensation crosses the threshold from being a smart practice to excessive?

Rule of thumb: When a company is growing revenue quickly (>25%), we’re okay with up to 3% annual dilution. When a company’s revenue growth slows to 10% or less, we want to see share dilution under 1%.

Conclusion

As with the balance sheet’s yellow flags, these flags signal caution.

Just as when your car’s dashboard flashes an engine light, it could be an indicator of a minor or a major issue. The driver’s primary takeaway should be that something under the hood requires attention.

In some cases, when a company exhibited one or more of these yellow flags, shareholders were rewarded with outperformance for holding onto their shares as the company worked through its issues.

Accounting is the language of business, but it is filled with nuance. There are very few set rules that require prudent investors to buy or sell. Instead, the presence of these yellow flags on a company’s income statement should signal to the investor that it’s time to look under the hood.

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